The Jews of Russia, from the tsars to the massacre of Babi Yard`Alexandre Dolgorouky and Antoine Casubolo Ferro

Joseph Stalin and Baron Joachim von Ribbentrop shaking hands,
during the German-Soviet pact,
Berlin. Germany, August 1939. MSH.

While at the end of the 19th century more than half of the world’s Jews (nearly 5 million) lived in the Czarist Empire, this area was emptied of Jews by the massacres that accompanied the civil war and those perpetrated during the Second World War, but also by a continuous migratory movement.